Scientists this week released new evidence that orcas are capable of pursuing, capturing and even killing great white sharks.
The first direct evidence of orcas killing white sharks in South Africa was captured by both a helicopter and drone pilot, and a new paper published this week in The Ecological Society of America’s journal Ecology presents both sets of video footage.
One predation event was filmed on drone, but the researchers believe that three other sharks may also have been killed.
While a clip of the drone footage was aired in June on the Discovery Channel, this was only part of an hour-long hunt of multiple sharks, as revealed by the exclusive helicopter footage. The new paper offers more extensive footage, along with data from tags, drone surveys and shark-tour boats showing that white sharks fled from the Mossel Bay region of South Africa for several weeks.
Killer whales have been observed preying on other shark species, but direct observation of predation on great white sharks locally has been lacking – until now.
According to lead author Alison Towner, a senior shark scientist at Marine Dynamics Academy in Gansbaai, South Africa:
“This behavior has never been witnessed in detail before, and certainly never from the air.”
Only two killer whales in South Africa have been previously linked to hunting great white sharks, but never actually seen “in action.” Only one of those animals was observed in the new footage, along with four other killer whales. The authors believe that the involvement of these four new whales suggests the behavior may be spreading.
The study also gives new insights into sharks’ attempts to evade capture by orcas. On two occasions, orcas approached sharks closely and slowly, while the shark, instead of fleeing, stayed close to the orca, keeping it in view — a common strategy that seals and turtles use to evade sharks. However, orcas are social and hunt in groups, and the researchers believe these behaviors may render the circling strategy ineffective for white sharks.
Marine mammal specialist and study co-author Simon Elwen, director of Sea Search and a research associate at Stellenbosch University, said:
“Killer whales are highly intelligent and social animals. Their group hunting methods make them incredibly effective predators.”
The study confirmed that one infamous killer whale, locally known as “Starboard,” was part of the pod and ate what was suspected to be a large piece of shark liver at the ocean surface. The novel footage also revealed how another killer whale bit into a white shark at the region of the liver.
David Hurwitz, a boat-based whale-watching operator from Simon’s Town Boat Company, said:
“I first saw Starboard in 2015 when he and his close-associated ‘Port’ were linked to killing seven gill sharks in False Bay. We saw them kill a bronze whaler [copper shark] in 2019 – but this new observation is really something else.”
The new study also analyzed drone and cage dive boat survey data before and after these predation events. Great white sharks were seen on every survey day for the weeks prior to the predation event and multiple sharks were seen on the day of the predations. However, only a single great white shark was seen in the 45 days after the predations, confirming a flight response by sharks.
South African National Parks shark expert and marine biologist Alison Kock said:
“We first observed the flight responses of seven gills and white sharks to the presence of killer whales Port and Starboard in False Bay in 2015 and 2017. The sharks ultimately abandoned former key habitats, which has had significant knock-on effects for both the ecosystem and shark-related tourism.”
Previous studies have documented how new behaviors spread among killer whales over time through cultural transmission. The authors suggest that if more killer whales adopt the practice of hunting white sharks, then the behavior will have far wider impacts on shark populations.
You can read the study here or check out the footage below.
