The Ocean Conservancy released a new report today outlining key threats to US federally managed fisheries, including species like flounder, salmon and shrimp that are seafood staples and critical links in the ocean ecosystem.
The report, “Drifting Off Course: Challenges in US Fisheries Management and Charting the Path Forward,” coincides with the 50th anniversary this month of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and comes in the wake of the White House proposing $1.6 billion/~€1.4 billion in cuts to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – the agency tasked with implementing the law.
The report found that while the Magnuson-Stevens Act has helped rebuild 52 of the more than 500 federal fisheries currently managed under the law, 42 stocks remain overfished, and 65% of stocks currently in designated rebuilding plans had flat or decreasing population estimates. Meanwhile, fisheries disasters – unpredictable shocks to ecosystems such as hurricanes, marine heat waves or harmful algal blooms that result in mass die-offs of fish and other ocean wildlife – are increasing in frequency and severity. A 2021 peer-reviewed study found that extreme environmental events accounted for 95.3% of revenue loss from fishery disasters between 2014 and 2019, up from 38.5% from 1994 to 1998.
According to Ocean Conservancy’s Senior Director of Fish Conservation Meredith Moore and co-author of the report:
“For decades, America’s fisheries were on the upswing thanks to our science-based approach to managing these resources. But between climate change, habitat destruction and pollution, growing recreational fishing demand and a troubling race to remove protections and sideline science, we’re really seeing a perfect storm come together. If we don’t address these new realities, America’s fishing future is at risk.”
The report details how changing ocean conditions like deoxygenation, acidification and warmer temperatures – attributable to greenhouse gas emissions, pollutant run-off and other factors – mean that many fish stocks are moving to new areas or experiencing population declines. A study published earlier this year estimates that climate change is reducing the amount of fish by up to 20% annually. Meanwhile, fisheries managers are not adapting and innovating accordingly. A Government Accountability Office report found that just 12 of 46 fishery management plans included any information related to climate at all.
Dr. Elizabeth Cerny-Chipman, an ecologist and Ocean Conservancy’s U.S. fisheries policy manager, who co-authored the report, said:
“To survive and thrive, fish need specific ocean conditions. And when those conditions change, it creates a domino effect. Fish might move to a different area, with different predators, less food to eat, and so forth. Fishery managers need to act with precaution and make sure they are ahead of the game.”
Just as fish are experiencing unprecedented habitat changes and losses, bycatch (the unintended catch of non-target fish and other wildlife, such as turtles or marine mammals) remains a challenge both nationally and regionally. For example, salmon bycatch in Alaska is contributing to the collapse of traditional Indigenous salmon fisheries, localized commercial salmon fisheries, and recreational fishing with consequences for both sustainability and food security.
At the same time, coastal populations have increased by 40% over the last 50 years, contributing to growing pressure from recreational anglers. In the Southeast, recreational fisheries are allocated more than half of the catch for many popular stocks, such as greater amberjack (80%) and gag grouper (65%) in the Gulf as well as red snapper (71.93%), red grouper (56%) and most of the porgy complex in the South Atlantic.
However, recreational fisheries often lag behind other sectors in terms of data collection, monitoring and accountability, and some recreational fisheries routinely exceed their limits. The problem is particularly visible in Florida, from which nearly half of all angling trips in the U.S. originate.
Ocean Conservancy’s Director of Florida Conservation Jon Paul “J.P.” Brooker, an environmental lawyer, sixth-generation Floridian and avid surfer, diver and fisherman said:
“We are loving Florida’s fisheries to death. Over the past five years, nearly a thousand people have moved to Florida every single day, and that means more people out on the water fishing. The Magnuson-Stevens Act is designed to keep all of us on the water as much as possible, but that means sticking to the best available science, which right now we’re not doing with recreational fisheries.”
